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Kala pani (taboo)
The Kala Pani (literally, black water) represents the taboo of the sea in Indian culture. According to this taboo, crossing the seas causes the loss of one's varna status.
== History ==
The offense of crossing the sea is also known as "Samudrolanghana" or "Sagarollanghana". The Dharma Sutra of Baudhayana (II.1.2.2) lists sea voyages as first of the offences that cause the loss of varna. The Dharma Sutra suggests a person can wipe away this offense in three years by eating little at every fourth meal time; bathing at dawn, noon and dusk; standing during the day; and seated during the night.
The reasons behind the taboo include the inability to carry out the daily rituals and the sin of contact with the mlecchas.〔(Crossing the Ocean ) by Vrindavanam S. Gopalakrishnan. Hinduism Today, July/August/September 2008.〕 The fear of crossing the seas also derives from the notion that it entailed the end of the reincarnation cycle, as the traveler was cut off from the regenerating waters of the Ganges. Such voyages also meant breaking family and social ties. According to another belief in the pre-modern India, the Kala Pani (sea water) was inhabited by the ''hougli''s, bad spirits and monsters.
During the Age of Discovery, the Portuguese sailors noted that the Hindus were reluctant to engage in maritime trade due to this taboo. In the eighteenth century, the banias of North India considered even the crossing of the Indus river at Attock as a taboo, and underwent purification rituals upon their return. However, not all Hindus adhered to the taboo, and there were several Hindu merchants in Burma, Muscat and other places.
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